Socio-Economic Impact of Land Acquisition in Chhattisgarh
Hena Shmeem1, Dr. A. N. Sharma2, Dr. Suchitra Sharma3
1Research Scholar, Govt. V.Y.T.P.G. Autonomous College, Durg (C.G.)
2Asst. Prof.-Sociology, Govt. Indira Gandhi College, Bori, Durg (C.G.)
3Asst. Prof. Sociology, Govt.V.Y.T.P.G. Autonomous College, Durg (C.G.)
ABSTRACT:
As we know land reforms on land acquisition is directly associated with different development. It aims to improve poor people access towards mean of social welfare. In fact India and Chhattisgarh state is not an exception the above rule and policies. For land reform and acquisition in Chhattisgarh. In this research paper, an attempt has been made to cover various land displacements in Chhattisgarh. This research paper has been prepared mainly on the basis of secondary data from it. Like other places, Chhattisgarh has also seen the following effects of land displacement, such as in social life, in children, in women, in employment, the opposite effect is seen. An attempt has been made to explain the impact of land displacement in Korba, Chhattisgarh, where the common life of the displaced people has been particularly affected.
KEYWORDS: Cultivators, Agriculture Labor, Land Use, Irrigation Geographical Area, Follow land, cropping intensity, poverty alleviation.
INTRODUCTION:
Every society is always in motion along with the growth and development of the economy. As the world population grows, there is a need for infrastructural development. After that in agricultural land constitutes a major proportion of India’s geographical area, with land reform and land use. Irrigation also. When large parcels of land are needed for the construction of roads, railways and canals or other public infrastructures, urban housing or any other public purpose, land is acquired compulsory by the both government (Central and State) on payment of compensation in accordance with land acquisition laws. While changes in land use cake place gradually and incrementally over time through decisions by land owner.
Big changes require decision by the both government (Central and State) and compulsory land acquisition in is the main vehicle for bringing changes on a large scale. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the need for land reforms as a source to eradicate poverty and the utility of “The rights to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2016 (LARR)” do to distributive justice for better utilization of resources in India. And India has inrested in industrial projects, Dams, Roads, Mines, Power Plants like NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation Limited), NMDC (National Mineral Development Corporation), BALCO (Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd.) and new cities (Nawa Raipur in Chhattisgarh) to archive rapid economic growth. This has been made possible through massive acquisition of land and subsequent displacement of people. As we know development displacement population is the single largest category among all internally displaced populations (IDPs). “Around 21.3 million development included IDPs include those displaced by Dams and Mines (16.4 Million). Industrial development (1.25 Million) and Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks (0.6 Million)”.
Land Acquisition and Displacement in India:
Studies of displacement and deprrivetion have been conducted in Orissa, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa, West Bengal and Assam. These research show that displacement is very high. For examples, Assam has 1,909,368 (Displaced Persons / Project Affected Persons) DP /PAPs from 1,401,184.8 acres and West Bengal has 6,944,492 from 4,764,000 acres. With secondary data from ongoing research. They point to an all-India figure of 60 Millions DP/PAPs during the period 1947-200 from 25 million acres including 7 million acres of forest and 6 million acres of other CPRs (Common Property resource) examples officially, Assam has used 392,773 acres of land for development project and has caused 343,262 DP/PAPs. The reality is four times this numbers. “The official count of DP/PAPs at the farakka Super–Thermal Power Plant in West Bengal and NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation Limited), NMDC (National Mineral Development Corporation), BALCO (Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd.) and Hasdev Bango Dam in Chhattisgarh affected no one, but the World Bank puts the project’s DP/PAPs at 53.325 in 1994”
In 2011 census, 25.7% of population was living below poverty line and 2,166.6 lakh rural people were a part of it, although there is a decrease in rural population percentage from 72.2% in 2001 to 68.8%. However, an agricultural sector is responsible for employing 67.9% of rural population which was 78.4% in the years 1993-94. Recently Rural Ministry states that 41.5% rural population is less than 19 years of age. While 32.4% between 20-39 years of working age. It is and irony that the migration rate in India is 26.1%, in which 61% is from rural to urban areas because of employments reason only and about 55.4% of migrating population is illiterate.
Another reason for migration and land acquisition is the decrease in cultivator’s number and increase in the agriculture labor is shown in the Table 1.1.
Table No.-1.1 Number of Cultivators and Land Acquisition Labor
|
S.N. |
Reason |
In Total Population 2001 |
In Total Population 2011 |
|
1. |
Cultivators |
40.2% |
33% |
|
2. |
Agriculture and Acquisition Labor |
33% |
39.3% |
Source: – Ministry of Rural Development, India.
Evolution of Land Use Pattern in India from 1990-91 to 2014-15
To begin with we can look at trends in the evolution of land use pattern in the country during the best seven decades. In these cases, the main points of challenge have been on the adequacy of compensation, genuineness of public purpose and the area of land proposed to be acquired being more than necessary.
The directorate of economics and statistics provides an climate of agricultural land from year to year, which is shown in the Table No.-1.2 below for selected years in the period 1990-91 to 2014-15.
Table No. 1.2 Trends in Land Use in India in Million Hectares
|
S.N. |
Classification |
1990-91 |
2014-15 |
|
1 |
Geographical Area |
328.73 |
328.73 |
|
2 |
Reporting Area |
304.86 |
307.80 |
|
3 |
Forest |
67.81 |
71.79 |
|
4 |
Area Under Non-agricultural Uses |
21.09 |
26.88 |
|
5 |
Barren and Uncultivable Land |
19.38 |
16.99 |
|
6 |
Other Uncultivated Land Exploiting Follow |
30.22 |
25.83 |
|
7 |
Fallow Land |
23.37 |
26.18 |
|
8 |
Net Area Sown |
143.00 |
140.03 |
|
9 |
Cropping intensity |
129.89 |
141.60 |
|
10 |
Net Irrigated Area |
48.02 |
68.38 |
Source: - Directorate of economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Formers welfare, Pocket Book of Agriculture Statistics (2016).
The Net Sown area increased impressively from 143 million hectares in 1990-91 in subsequent years, there was a slow decline. And further to 26.88 million hectares in 2014-15. It is evident that the process of urbanization has put only mild pressure on cropland.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The main Objectives of this study include –
1. To examine the impact of double displacement on the affected people of the field Area.
2. To Analyze the scope of the RFCTLARR (Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement) Act, 2013 to address the issues of double displacement.
3. To recommend a just acceptable people–centric compensation for restoring their Socio-Economic Loss.
4. To study the Impact of Land Acquisition in Displaced Tribal People in Korba Project.
5. To study the consequence of the displacement specific to the women.
DATA AND METHODS:
This is an empirical study based on exploratory design. The data for this purpose was collected from primary as well as secondary sources. The study has been executed in Korba districts. It focuses on two-three different development and land acquisition projects.
STUDIED AREA AND THE PEOPLE:
korba is the power capital of the newly formed Chhattisgarh State. Korba district comes under Bilaspur division. Korba is known for its Coal Mines such as Gevra Area, all located in Korba coalfield. So far, no study has been conducted for the affected families due to mining in the area and this study is based on Socio-Economic impact on displaced people of SECL Gevra Project. Through this study actual condition of rehabilitation peoples will come out.
CONCLUSION:
India is not an exception the above rule this is because the present government has proposed an amendment to the exiting land acquisition act with the intention of diluting the rehabilitation clause and asking the states dilute the most essential provision such as prior informed consent social impact assessment etc. “The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” came into force on 1st Jan. 2014. In recent years rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected families has turned out to be the most vital and sensitive issue for the development project. Either it be Hasdev Bango Dam, NTPC, BALCO in Korba district in Chhattisgarh. Although these projects did bring development but the cost has been enormous.
REFERENCES:
1. www.sustainuance.com dated 17.09.2013.
2. Raj, Parsuram (2000) “Development induced displacement in India” SARWATCH, Vol.-02(1).
3. Sharma, R.N. (2003) “Involuntary Displacement: A few Encounters” Economic and Political Weekly, March.
4. Ahmad, Masood (2018) “The Challenges before ‘The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition’”. Amity Journal of Management Research, 3(1), Pp.123-129.
5. Acquisition of Land for Development Project in India (2010), Published by Research Foundation for Governance in India.
6. Resettlement Plan, (2009). India: Chhattisgarh Road Connectivity Projrct, Government of Chhattisgarh for the Asian Development Bank.
Received on 17.12.2021 Modified on 21.12.2021
Accepted on 27.12.2021 ©AandV Publications All right reserved
Res. J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2021; 12(4):251-253.
DOI: 10.52711/2321-5828.2021.00045